The Rise of the Roman Republic- Formation & The Struggles of the Order
The Roman Republic was formed by the patricians, or nobles. A republic meant that the community would choose their own leaders. The patricians controlled the Assembly of Centuries and the Senate as well. The Senate were considered to have more power, all 300 men on the Senate were to serve for life. Like the US, the Romans had an executive branch. It was lead by two patricians, called consuls. Consuls were to oversee the judges, and tax keepers as well as the population records.They were supposed to communicate to each other before any decision could be made. They were allowed to veto each others decisions or actions of other executive officials.
The struggles of order were mainly caused by the middle and lower class, also known as the plebeians. The plebeians made up the Roman military, leaving the patricians little choice but to acknowledge their wishes. The plebeians chose representatives called tribunes. Rome was lead by a smaller group of upper social ranking people, yet the lower and middle class citizens were slowing leaning Rome toward democracy.
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
The struggles of order were mainly caused by the middle and lower class, also known as the plebeians. The plebeians made up the Roman military, leaving the patricians little choice but to acknowledge their wishes. The plebeians chose representatives called tribunes. Rome was lead by a smaller group of upper social ranking people, yet the lower and middle class citizens were slowing leaning Rome toward democracy.
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
The Punic Wars: First, Second, and ThirdCarthage vs. Rome, a battle resulting in three wars. The first and second war were both started because of attacks against Rome by Carthage. The First Punic War was won by Rome. Carthage and a good navy, but Rome was able to board Carthage's ships and battle hand-to-hand and win. Rome was able to gain control of Sicily and Carthage feared that with Romans that close their homeland may be invaded. Carthage settled by paying Rome for damages done so that they would not be invaded. The Second Punic War was yet another victory for Rome. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, lead many soldiers into Italy after already defeating one of Rome’s Spanish allies. Carthage’s armies numbers were dwindling because of sickness and hunger, yet they were able to win a battle in Canaan. Rome came back after the near defeat, full force. Scipio lead volunteer soldiers and forced Hannibal to fall back into Africa. Carthage gave up their conquered land in Spain and again had to pay Rome for damages.
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The Fall of the Republic- Caesar Conquered Gaul, Crossing the Rubicon, Dictator for Life, and Assassination
Julius Caesar was born into an upper class family. He became a consul and eventually took military control. He, and two others, made up a triumvirate and practically controlled Rome. Caesar had many military victories, one being the conquering of Gaul. The conquering of the Celts, the people of Gaul, was the start of his military control. Caesar was admired and feared all the same, the lower class looked up to him and other politicians felt threatened by him. Pompey was one of Caesar’s greatest enemies. The Senate, along with Pompey, ordered that Caesar return to Rome, give up his army, and give himself up to his enemy. However, 5,000 troops were gathered by Caesar and remained loyal to the commander. With these troops, Caesar crossed the Rubicon stream, they captured all of Italy, drove out Pompey and their allies, then headed east. Eventually, Caesar’s troops defeated Pompey’s forces as well.
Caesar decided to take complete control and rule like a monarchy. He allowed outer provinces to have citizenship. From the provinces, he allowed Senators that would back him up. Caesar made many social reforms, he created a work program for the poor, provided land for the poor, and also limited those eligible for free grain. Based off the work of scholars, Caesar announced the new use of a 365 day calendar. While well liked by many, others considered him a tyrant. Roman law stated that anyone plotting to become a king was subject to death without trial. Because of said law, a group of senators along with Brutus and Cassius, Caesars supposed friends, stabbed Caesar to death.
"The Life and Times of Julius Caesar" Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUfkESu_JYM
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
Caesar decided to take complete control and rule like a monarchy. He allowed outer provinces to have citizenship. From the provinces, he allowed Senators that would back him up. Caesar made many social reforms, he created a work program for the poor, provided land for the poor, and also limited those eligible for free grain. Based off the work of scholars, Caesar announced the new use of a 365 day calendar. While well liked by many, others considered him a tyrant. Roman law stated that anyone plotting to become a king was subject to death without trial. Because of said law, a group of senators along with Brutus and Cassius, Caesars supposed friends, stabbed Caesar to death.
"The Life and Times of Julius Caesar" Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUfkESu_JYM
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
Augustus Caesar
Augustus Caesar was Rome’s first absolute ruler, or emperor. Augustus was a name he gave himself when he took over the weak Roman government. He greatly improved the living style of the Romans. Imports of grain were brought in from North Africa, feeding all of Rome. New roads were built and old roads were improved. Augustus was noted for stating that he “found Rome a city of brick, and left it a city of Marble. He said this because of the incredible public buildings crafted under his control. While Rome was under his rule, the Roman Peace was devised, also known as the Pax Romana. The time of peace lasted around 200 years and was occasionally shook up when a new leader came to power. Augustus failed to think ahead in terms of choosing new rulers. He didn’t create any laws to help decide who should become the next leader, even though he put a lot of thought into who would lead directly after him. His adopted son Tiberius succeeded him and after that the line of leaders dwindled severely in leadership.
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6 |
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire`
The end of the Pax Romana was the beginning of the end for Rome. Rome was essentially bankrupt and there was a lack of leaders. Rome went into a type of depression, there was little to no business for merchants, artisans, and even farmers. Farmland was being destroyed by warfare and the price of food inflated immensely. To try and fix the problem at hand, more coins were minted. These new coins were of less value because they contained much less precious metals since the government storage of gold and silver was basically empty. Yet, with all the issues going on, Rome still saw necessity for an army, and they needed to raise soldiers wages to keep an army upkeep. To pay their men, Rome taxed landowners heavier. This indeed backfired because then farmers abandoned their land, therefore lowering food supplies.
Unsuccessful reforms, after unsuccessful reforms weakened Rome. Together they started the imminent fall of Rome. During the time of unsuccessful reforms Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople. When Constantine died civil wars broke out. Rome was very susceptible to being conquered. Wandering Germanic tribes started to find their way into Italy. Eventually the Visigoths started to take hold of Roman territory. But, after the death of the Visigoths leaders, they retreated to Gaul. Then Attila lead the Huns into Rome. Rome combined with the Visigoths to defeat the Huns. Italy is totally devastated and Rome basically has no protection. So with hardly a challenge, more Germans wandered into Rome. When a German soldier, Odoacer, over threw Romulus Augustulus and named himself the Italian King the end of the Roman Empire was officially accepted.
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
Unsuccessful reforms, after unsuccessful reforms weakened Rome. Together they started the imminent fall of Rome. During the time of unsuccessful reforms Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople. When Constantine died civil wars broke out. Rome was very susceptible to being conquered. Wandering Germanic tribes started to find their way into Italy. Eventually the Visigoths started to take hold of Roman territory. But, after the death of the Visigoths leaders, they retreated to Gaul. Then Attila lead the Huns into Rome. Rome combined with the Visigoths to defeat the Huns. Italy is totally devastated and Rome basically has no protection. So with hardly a challenge, more Germans wandered into Rome. When a German soldier, Odoacer, over threw Romulus Augustulus and named himself the Italian King the end of the Roman Empire was officially accepted.
World History The Human Experience Glencoe and McGraw-Hill Chapter 6
Links
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